1 23:1 tn: Grk “Paul, looking directly at the council, said.” The participle ἀτενίσας (atenisa”) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. 2 23:1 tn: Grk “the Sanhedrin” (the Sanhedrin was the highest legal, legislative, and judicial body among the Jews). 3 23:1 tn: BDAG 846 s.v. πολιτεύομαι 3 has “W. a double dat. συνειδήσει ἀγαθῇ πεπολίτευμαι τῷ θεῷ I have lived my life with a clear conscience before God Ac 23:1.” 4 23:2 tn: Grk “and” (δέ, de); the phrase “at that” has been used in the translation to clarify the cause and effect relationship. 5 23:2 tn: BDAG 778 s.v. παρίστημι/παριστάνω 2.b.α has “οἱ παρεστῶτες αὐτῷ those standing near him Ac 23:2.” 6 23:2 tn: Grk “him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity. 7 23:2 tn: Or “hit” (‘strike’ maintains the wordplay with the following verse). The action was probably designed to indicate a rejection of Paul’s claim to a clear conscience in the previous verse. 8 23:3 sn: You whitewashed wall. This was an idiom for hypocrisy – just as the wall was painted on the outside but something different on the inside, so this person was not what he appeared or pretended to be (L&N 88.234; see also BDAG 1010 s.v. τοῖχος). Paul was claiming that the man’s response was two-faced ( Ezek 13:10-16; Matt 23:27-28). See also Deut 28:22. 9 23:3 tn: Grk “And do.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here. 10 23:3 tn: The law refers to the law of Moses. 11 23:3 tn: BDAG 769 s.v. παρανομέω has “παρανομῶν κελεύεις in violation of the law you order Ac 23:3.” sn: In violation of the law. Paul was claiming that punishment was given before the examination was complete (m. Sanhedrin 3:6-8). Luke’s noting of this detail shows how quickly the leadership moved to react against Paul. 12 23:4 tn: The word “him” is not in the Greek text but is implied. 13 23:4 tn: L&N 33.393 has for λοιδορέω (loidorew) “to speak in a highly insulting manner – ‘to slander, to insult strongly, slander, insult.’” sn: Insult God’s high priest. Paul was close to violation of the Mosaic law with his response, as the citation from Exod 22:28 in v. 5 makes clear. 14 23:5 tn: Grk “said.” 15 23:5 tn: Or “know.” 16 23:5 sn: A quotation from Exod 22:28. This text defines a form of blasphemy. Paul, aware of the fact that he came close to crossing the line, backed off out of respect for the law. 17 23:6 tn: BDAG 200 s.v. γινώσκω 4 has “to be aware of someth., perceive, notice, realize”; this is further clarified by section 4.c: “w. ὅτι foll…. Ac 23:6.” 18 23:6 sn: See the note on Sadducees in 4:1. 19 23:6 sn: See the note on Pharisee in 5:34. 20 23:6 tn: Grk “the Sanhedrin” (the Sanhedrin was the highest legal, legislative, and judicial body among the Jews). 21 23:6 tn: That is, concerning the hope that the dead will be resurrected. Grk “concerning the hope and resurrection.” BDAG 320 s.v. ἐλπίς 1.b.α states, “Of Israel’s messianic hope Ac 23:6 (ἐ. καὶ ἀνάστασις for ἐ. τῆς ἀν. [obj. gen] as 2 Macc 3:29 ἐ. καὶ σωτηρία).” With an objective genitive construction, the resurrection of the dead would be the “object” of the hope. 22 23:7 tn: The participle εἰπόντος (eiponto”) has been translated temporally. 23 23:7 tn: Or “a dispute” (BDAG 940 s.v. στάσις 3). 24 23:7 tn: Grk “there came about an argument.” This has been simplified to “an argument began” 25 23:8 tn: BDAG 55 s.v. ἀμφότεροι 2 has “all, even when more than two are involved…Φαρισαῖοι ὁμολογοῦσιν τὰ ἀ . believe in them all 23:8.” On this belief see Josephus, J. W. 2.8.14 (2.163); Ant. 18.1.3 (18.14). sn: This is a parenthetical note by the author. 26 23:9 tn: Or “clamor” (cf. BDAG 565 s.v. κραυγή 1.a, which has “there arose a loud outcry” here, and Exod 12:30). 27 23:9 tn: Or “and some scribes.” See the note on the phrase “experts in the law” in 4:5. 28 23:9 tn: Grk “standing up.” The participle ἀναστάντες (anastante”) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. 29 23:9 tn: Grk “protested strongly, saying.” L&N 39.27 has “διαμάχομαι: to fight or contend with, involving severity and thoroughness – ‘to protest strongly, to contend with.’…‘some scribes from the party of the Pharisees protested strongly’ Ac 23:9.” The participle λέγοντες (legontes) is redundant and has not been translated. 30 23:9 sn: “We find nothing wrong with this man.” Here is another declaration of innocence. These leaders recognized the possibility that Paul might have the right to make his claim. 31 23:10 tn: This genitive absolute construction with the participle γινομένης (ginomenhs) has been taken temporally (it could also be translated as causal). 32 23:10 tn: Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). In Greek the term χιλίαρχος (ciliarco”) literally described the “commander of a thousand,” but it was used as the standard translation for the Latin tribunus militum or tribunus militare, the military tribune who commanded a cohort of 600 men. 33 23:10 tn: Grk “that Paul would be torn to pieces by them.” BDAG 236 s.v. διασπάω has “of an angry mob μὴ διασπασθῇ ὁ Παῦλος ὑπ᾿ αὐτῶν that Paul would be torn in pieces by them Ac 23:10.” The passive construction is somewhat awkward in English and has been converted to an equivalent active construction in the translation. 34 23:10 tn: Normally this term means “army,” but according to BDAG 947 s.v. στράτευμα, “Of a smaller detachment of soldiers, sing. Ac 23:10, 27.” In the plural it can be translated “troops,” but it is singular here. 35 23:10 tn: Or “to go down, grab him out of their midst.” 36 23:10 tn: Or “the headquarters.” BDAG 775 s.v. παρεμβολή 2 has “barracks/headquarters of the Roman troops in Jerusalem Ac 21:34, 37; 22:24; 23:10, 16, 32.” 37 23:11 sn: The presence of the Lord indicated the vindicating presence and direction of God. 38 23:11 tn: Grk “standing near Paul, said.” The participle ἐπιστάς (epistas) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. 39 23:11 tn: Grk “him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity. 40 23:11 tn: Or “Do not be afraid.” 41 23:11 map: For location see . 42 23:11 sn: Like Jesus went to Jerusalem, Paul would now go to Rome. This trip forms the concluding backdrop to Acts. This is the second notice about going to Rome (see Acts 19:21 for the first). map: For location see . 43 23:12 tn: Grk “when it was day.” 44 23:12 tn: Grk “forming a conspiracy, bound.” The participle ποιήσαντες (poihsantes) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. 45 23:12 tn: L&N 30.72 has ‘some Jews formed a conspiracy’ Ac 23:12”; BDAG 979 s.v. συστροφή 1 has “Judeans came together in a mob 23:12. But in the last pass. the word may also mean – 2. the product of a clandestine gathering, plot, conspiracy” (see also Amos 7:10; Ps 63:3). 46 23:12 tn: Or “bound themselves under a curse.” BDAG 63 s.v. ἀναθεματίζω 1 has “trans. put under a curse τινά someone…pleonastically ἀναθέματι ἀ . ἑαυτόν Ac 23:14…ἀ. ἑαυτόν vss. 12, 21, 13 v.l.” On such oaths see m. Shevi’it 3:1-5. The participle λέγοντες (legontes) is redundant in English and has not been translated. 47 23:12 tn: The word “anything” is not in the Greek text, but is implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader. 48 23:13 tn: L&N 30.73 defines συνωμοσία (sunwmosia) as “a plan for taking secret action someone or some institution, with the implication of an oath binding the conspirators – ‘conspiracy, plot.’ …‘there were more than forty of them who formed this conspiracy’ Ac 23:13.” 49 23:14 tn: Grk “who.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) was translated by the third person plural pronoun (“them”) and a new sentence begun in the translation. 50 23:14 tn: Grk “going.” The participle προσελθόντες (proselqonte”) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. 51 23:14 sn: They went to the chief priests. The fact that the high priest knew of this plot and did nothing shows the Jewish leadership would even become accomplices to murder to stop Paul. They would not allow Roman justice to take its course. Paul’s charge in v. 3 of superficially following the law is thus shown to be true. 52 23:14 tn: Or “bound ourselves under a curse.” BDAG 63 s.v. ἀναθεματίζω 1 has “trans. put under a curse τινά someone…pleonastically ἀναθέματι ἀ . ἑαυτόν Ac 23:14…ἀ. ἑαυτόν vss. 12, 21, 13 v.l.” The pleonastic use ἀναθέματι ἀνεθεματίσαμεν (literally “we have cursed ourselves with a curse”) probably serves as an intensifier following Semitic usage, and is represented in the translation by the word “solemn.” On such oaths see m. Nedarim 3:1, 3. 53 23:14 tn: This included both food and drink (γεύομαι [geuomai] is used of water turned to wine in John 2:9). 54 23:15 tn: Grk “the Sanhedrin” (the Sanhedrin was the highest legal, legislative, and judicial body among the Jews). 55 23:15 tn: Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). See note on the term “commanding officer” in v. 10. 56 23:15 tn: Or “decide.” BDAG 227 s.v. διαγινώσκω has “ἀκριβέστερον τὰ περὶ αὐτοῦ to make a more thorough examination of his case Ac 23:15.” 57 23:15 tn: Grk “determine the things about him.” 58 23:15 tn: The expression “more thorough inquiry” reflects the comparative form of ἀκριβέστερον (akribesteron). 59 23:15 sn: “We are ready to kill him.” Now those Jews involved in the conspiracy, along with the leaders as accomplices, are going to break one of the ten commandments. 60 23:15 tn: The words “this place” are not in the Greek text, but are implied. 61 23:16 tn: Or “plot” (BDAG 334 s.v. ἐνέδρα). 62 23:16 tn: Grk “coming and entering…, he told.” The participles παραγενόμενος (paragenomeno”) and εἰσελθών (eiselqwn) have been translated as finite verbs due to requirements of contemporary English style. 63 23:16 tn: Or “the headquarters.” BDAG 775 s.v. παρεμβολή 2 has “barracks/headquarters of the Roman troops in Jerusalem Ac 21:34, 37; 22:24; 23:10, 16, 32.” 64 23:17 tn: Grk “calling…Paul said.” The participle προσκαλεσάμενος (proskalesameno”) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. 65 23:17 sn: See the note on the word centurion in 10:1. 66 23:17 tn: Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). See note on the term “commanding officer” in v. 10. 67 23:18 tn: Grk “he”; the referent (the centurion) has been specified in the translation for clarity. 68 23:18 tn: Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). See note on the term “commanding officer” in v. 10. 69 23:18 tn: Grk “calling.” The participle προσκαλεσάμενος (proskalesameno”) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. 70 23:19 tn: Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). See note on the term “commanding officer” in v. 10. 71 23:19 tn: Grk “you have,” but the expression “have to report” in English could be understood to mean “must report” rather than “possess to report.” For this reason the nearly equivalent expression “want to report,” which is not subject to misunderstanding, was used in the translation. 72 23:20 tn: Grk “He said.” 73 23:20 tn: Grk “the Sanhedrin” (the Sanhedrin was the highest legal, legislative, and judicial body among the Jews). 74 23:21 tn: Grk “do not be persuaded by them.” The passive construction μὴ πεισθῇς αὐτοῖς (mh peisqh” autoi”) has been converted to an active construction in the translation, and the phrase “to do this” supplied to indicate more clearly the object of their persuasion. 75 23:21 tn: Grk “forty men of them.” In the expression ἐξ αὐτῶν ἄνδρες (ex autwn andre”) “men” is somewhat redundant and has not been included in the English translation. 76 23:21 tn: Grk “are lying in wait for him” (BDAG 334 s.v. ἐνεδρεύω); see also v. 16. 77 23:21 tn: Grk “for him, who.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“who”) was translated by the third person plural pronoun (“they”) and a new sentence begun in the translation. 78 23:21 tn: Or “bound themselves under a curse.” BDAG 63 s.v. ἀναθεματίζω 1 has “trans. put under a curse τινά someone… ἀ. ἑαυτόν vss. 12, 21, 13 v.l.” 79 23:21 tn: The word “anything” is not in the Greek text, but is implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader. 80 23:21 tn: Grk “waiting for your approval,” “waiting for your agreement.” Since it would be possible to misunderstand the literal translation “waiting for your approval” to mean that the Jews were waiting for the commander’s approval to carry out their plot or to kill Paul (as if he were to be an accomplice to their plot), the object of the commander’s approval (their request to bring Paul to the council) has been specified in the translation as “their request.” 81 23:22 tn: Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). See note on the term “commanding officer” in v. 10. 82 23:22 tn: BDAG 760 s.v. παραγγέλλω has “to make an announcement about someth. that must be done, give orders, command, instruct, direct of all kinds of persons in authority, worldly rulers, Jesus, the apostles…παραγγέλλειν w. an inf. and μή comes to mean forbid to do someth.: π. τινί w. aor. inf. Lk 5:14; 8:56; without the dat., which is easily supplied fr. the context Ac 23:22.” However, if the direct discourse which follows is to be retained in the translation, a different translation must be used since it is awkward to introduce direct discourse with the verb to forbid. Thus the alternative to direct was used. 83 23:22 tn: On this verb, see BDAG 325-26 s.v. ἐμφανίζω 2. The term was frequently used of an official report to authorities. In modern terms, this was a police tip. 84 23:23 tn: Grk “And.” Since this represents a response to the reported ambush, καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the logical sequence. 85 23:23 tn: Grk “summoning…he said.” The participle προσκαλεσάμενος (proskalesameno”) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. 86 23:23 sn: See the note on the word centurion in 10:1. 87 23:23 sn: Caesarea was a city on the coast of Palestine south of Mount Carmel (not Caesarea Philippi). See the note on Caesarea in Acts 10:1. This was a journey of about 65 mi (just over 100 km). map: For location see . 88 23:23 tn: Or “cavalrymen.” 89 23:23 tn: A military technical term of uncertain meaning. BDAG 217 s.v. δεξιολάβος states, “a word of uncertain mng., military t.t., acc. to Joannes Lydus…and Theophyl. Sim., Hist. 4, 1 a light-armed soldier, perh. bowman, slinger; acc. to a scholion in CMatthaei p. 342 body-guard….Spearman Goodspd., NRSV; ‘security officer’, GDKilpatrick, JTS 14, ’63, 393f.” sn: Two hundred soldiers…along with seventy horsemen and two hundred spearmen. The resulting force assembled to guard Paul was almost a full cohort. The Roman commander was taking no chances, but was sending the issue up the chain of command to the procurator to decide. 90 23:23 tn: Grk “from.” 91 23:23 tn: Grk “from the third hour of the night.” 92 23:24 tn: Grk “provide mounts to put Paul on.” sn: Mounts for Paul to ride. The fact they were riding horses indicates they wanted everyone to move as quickly as possible. 93 23:24 sn: Felix the governor was Antonius Felix, a freedman of Antonia, mother of the Emperor Claudius. He was the brother of Pallas and became procurator of Palestine in a.d. 52/53. His administration was notorious for its corruption, cynicism, and cruelty. According to the historian Tacitus (History 5.9) Felix “reveled in cruelty and lust, and wielded the power of a king with the mind of a slave.” 94 23:24 tn: Grk “Felix the procurator.” The official Roman title has been translated as “governor” (BDAG 433 s.v. ἡγεμών 2). 95 23:25 tn: Grk “writing.” Due to the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was begun here in the translation, supplying “he” (referring to the commanding officer, Claudius Lysias) as subject. The participle γράψας (grayas) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. 96 23:25 tn: Grk “having this form,” “having this content.” L&N 33.48 has “γράψσς ἐπιστολὴν ἔχουσαν τὸν τύπον τοῦτον ‘then he wrote a letter that went like this’ Ac 23:25. It is also possible to understand ἐπιστολή in Ac 23:25 not as a content or message, but as an object (see 6.63).” 97 23:26 tn: Grk “Procurator.” The official Roman title has been translated as “governor” (BDAG 433 s.v. ἡγεμών 2). 98 23:26 sn: Governor Felix. See the note on Felix in v. 24. 99 23:27 tn: The participle συλλημφθέντα (sullhmfqenta) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. The remark reviews events of Acts 21:27-40. 100 23:27 tn: Grk “and was about to be killed by them.” The passive construction has been converted to an active one in the translation for stylistic reasons. 101 23:27 tn: Or “approached.” 102 23:27 tn: Normally this term means “army,” but according to BDAG 947 s.v. στράτευμα, “Of a smaller detachment of soldiers, sing. Ac 23:10, 27.” In the plural it can be translated “troops,” but it is singular here. 103 23:27 tn: In Greek this is a present tense retained in indirect discourse. 104 23:27 tn: The word “citizen” is supplied here for emphasis and clarity. sn: The letter written by the Roman commander Claudius Lysias was somewhat self-serving. He made it sound as if the rescue of a Roman citizen had been a conscious act on his part. In fact, he had made the discovery of Paul’s Roman citizenship somewhat later. See Acts 21:37-39 and 22:24-29. 105 23:28 tn: Or “determine.” 106 23:28 tn: Grk “to know the charge on account of which they were accusing him.” This has been simplified to eliminate the prepositional phrase and relative pronoun δι᾿ ἣν (di’ }hn) similar to L&N 27.8 which has “‘I wanted to find out what they were accusing him of, so I took him down to their Council’ Ac 23:28.” 107 23:28 tn: Grk “their Sanhedrin” (the Sanhedrin was the highest legal, legislative, and judicial body among the Jews). 108 23:29 tn: Grk “whom I found.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) has been changed to a personal pronoun (“he”) and a new sentence begun in the translation at this point. 109 23:29 tn: BDAG 428 s.v. ζήτημα states, “in our lit. only in Ac, w. the mng. it still has in Mod. Gk. (controversial) question, issue, argument… Ac 15:2; 26:3. ζ. περί τινος questions about someth.…18:15; 25:19. – In 23:29, since περί had already been used, the subj. of the discussion is added in the gen. ζ. τοῦ νόμου αὐτῶν.” sn: With reference to controversial questions. Note how the “neutral” Roman authorities saw the issue. This was a religious rather than a civil dispute. See Acts 18:15. 110 23:29 tn: Grk “but having no charge worthy of death or imprisonment.” BDAG 273-74 s.v. ἔγκλημα 1 has “legal t.t.…ἔ. ἄξιον θανάτου ἢ δεσμῶν a charge deserving death or imprisonment 23:29.” sn: Despite the official assessment that no charge against him deserved death or imprisonment, there was no effort to release Paul. 111 23:30 tn: Grk “It being revealed to me.” The participle μηνυθείσης (mhnuqeish”) has been taken temporally. 112 23:30 tn: The term translated “plot” here is a different one than the one in Acts 23:16 (see BDAG 368 s.v. ἐπιβουλή). 113 23:30 tn: Grk “the things against him.” This could be rendered as “accusations,” “grievances,” or “charges,” but since “ordered his accusers to state their accusations” sounds redundant in English, “charges” was used instead. 114 23:31 tn: BDAG 237-38 s.v. διατάσσω 2 has “κατὰ τὸ δ. αὐτοῖς in accordance w. their orders… Ac 23:31.” 115 23:31 tn: Grk “taking.” The participle ἀναλαβόντες (analabonte”) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. 116 23:31 sn: Antipatris was a city in Judea about 35 mi (55 km) northwest of Jerusalem (about halfway to Caesarea). It was mentioned several times by Josephus (Ant. 13.15.1 [13.390]; J. W. 1.4.7 [1.99]). 117 23:32 tn: Grk “letting.” The participle ἐάσαντες (easante”) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. 118 23:32 tn: Or “cavalrymen.” 119 23:32 tn: Or “the headquarters.” BDAG 775 s.v. παρεμβολή 2 has “barracks/headquarters of the Roman troops in Jerusalem Ac 21:34, 37; 22:24; 23:10, 16, 32.” 120 23:33 tn: Grk “who, coming to Caesarea.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek construction, a new sentence was begun here in the translation. The relative pronoun (“who”) has been replaced with the referent (the horsemen) in the translation for clarity. 121 23:33 sn: Caesarea was a city on the coast of Palestine south of Mount Carmel (not Caesarea Philippi). See the note on Caesarea in Acts 10:1. It was about 30 mi (50 km) from Antipatris. 122 23:33 tn: BDAG 778 s.v. παρίστημι/παριστάνω 1.b has “present, represent – α. lit. τινά τινι someone to someone παρέστησαν τὸν Παῦλον αὐτῷ Ac 23:33.” 123 23:34 tn: Grk “he”; the referent (the governor) has been specified in the translation for clarity. 124 23:34 tn: Grk “having read.” The participle ἀναγνούς (anagnou”) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. 125 23:34 tn: The words “the letter” are not in the Greek text but are implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek, but must be supplied for the modern English reader. 126 23:34 tn: Grk “and asking.” The participle ἐπερωτήσας (eperwthsa”) has been translated as a finite verb and καί (kai) left untranslated due to requirements of contemporary English style. 127 23:34 sn: Governor Felix asked what province he was from to determine whether he had legal jurisdiction over Paul. He could have sent him to his home province for trial, but decided to hear the case himself. 128 23:34 tn: Grk “and learning.” The participle πυθόμενος (puqomeno”) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. 129 23:34 sn: Cilicia was a province in northeastern Asia Minor. 130 23:35 tn: Or “I will hear your case.” BDAG 231 s.v. διακούω has “as legal t.t. give someone an opportunity to be heard in court, give someone (τινός) a hearing Ac 23:35”; L&N 56.13 has “to give a judicial hearing in a legal matter – ‘to hear a case, to provide a legal hearing, to hear a case in court.’” 131 23:35 tn: Grk “ordering.” The participle κελεύσας (keleusas) has been translated as a finite verb and a new sentence begun here due to the length and complexity of the Greek sentence. “Then” has also been supplied to indicate the logical and temporal sequence. 132 23:35 tn: Grk “him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity. 133 23:35 sn: Herod’s palace (Grk “Herod’s praetorium”) was the palace built in Caesarea by Herod the Great. See Josephus, Ant. 15.9.6 (15.331). These events belong to the period of a.d. 56-57.